For example, photons are the type of gauge boson we're most familiar with.
The particle that gives fundamental particles their mass is the Higgs particle—now, this is a bit complicated to explain. While the mass of fundamental particles comes from the Higgs, the main source of observable mass in the universe is actually the strong interaction. This is more of a PhD-level concept, so just having a general understanding is good enough.
On the other hand,
these fundamental particles can make up a huge variety of compound particles, and the amount depends on what scale you're talking about.
At the atomic level, just counting every element and its isotopes gives you n types.
If you specify subatomic particles, what people usually mean are mesons and baryons, plus a few special ones.
For instance, photons have 225 structural variations, and electromagnetic particles have 2,700 types, and so on.
