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Chapter 13 - Words of the Outsiders

Be apart of the revolution

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Join the Revolution

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By the spring of 1922, Europe had begun to lift its head from the ruins of the Great War. Borders had shifted, empires had dissolved, and amidst the old order's decay, a new power stood where few expected it to endure — Soviet Russia. The nations that had once watched the Revolution with contempt now studied it with a wary fascination. What had first appeared a temporary upheaval, a fever that would burn itself out, had hardened into something far more enduring: a government that had survived invasion, civil war, famine, and rebellion … and still stood.

The Bolshevik experiment, bloodied but unbroken, was no longer a question of survival. It was a fact of history. Western Suspicion in London, newspapers still spoke of the "Red Menace," but the tone had shifted. Britain's merchants and industrialists were exhausted by years of war and blockade. They eyed Russia's vast resources — its timber, coal, and oil — as potential avenues for trade, even as their politicians warned of communist contagion.

To them, Moscow was both a danger and an opportunity: a frontier of ideology, yes, but also a market waiting to reopen. Diplomats wrote in cautious reports that "the Bolshevik regime, while ideologically hostile, has demonstrated remarkable administrative endurance." The specter of collapse was fading, replaced by the slow realization that the Soviet system, however alien, had achieved a measure of stability.

Germany's Calculations

Berlin saw in Moscow not a threat, but a mirror. Both nations were pariahs of the postwar order — Germany shackled by Versailles, Russia isolated by revolution.

In 1922, these shared wounds would culminate in the Treaty of Rapallo, a quiet understanding between two outcasts. Officially, it restored diplomatic relations. Unofficially, it opened channels of cooperation: military research, trade in raw materials, and secret training agreements that skirted Allied oversight.

German generals, still smarting from defeat, found in Soviet territory a place to experiment. Soviet commissars, in turn, found in German technology the tools to rebuild their industries.

It was a partnership born not of trust, but of shared mutual benefit — each side using the other to claw its way back into relevance.

The Americans' Distance

Across the Atlantic, Washington regarded Moscow with cool detachment. The United States refused recognition, branding the Bolsheviks usurpers and thieves of foreign property. Yet American grain and machinery quietly found their way to Russian ports through intermediaries.

American observers sent back contradictory reports. Some described chaos, famine, and repression; others noted the surprising discipline of the new bureaucracies, the gradual reawakening of trade under the NEP, and the sense — however grim — that the revolution had learned to govern.

In private, a few diplomats admitted what none dared to say aloud: that the Soviets, in their ruthless efficiency, might one day stand as a power equal to any in Europe.

The East Observes

To the East, the Revolution's ripples spread differently. China's warlords and reformists watched Moscow's survival with envy and apprehension. The idea that peasants and workers could seize power resonated deeply in a land still fractured by imperial influence.

The newly formed Communist Party of China sent delegations northward, seeking instruction and recognition. Soviet advisors, cautious but curious, began to travel south under the cover of trade missions.

In Japan, however, the sentiment was colder. The memory of the failed Siberian Intervention — and the losses incurred there — lingered. Japanese strategists saw in the new Soviet state both a rival and a lesson: the ability of ideology to mobilize an entire population to endurance.

Inside the Soviet State

While the world debated whether the Bolsheviks had truly "stabilized," the view from within was more complex. The NEP had revived trade and eased hunger, but it had also reawakened inequality and corruption. In Moscow's new markets, small traders — the nepmen — grew wealthy, while in the countryside, peasants hoarded grain for profit rather than supply.

Yet beneath these contradictions, the state apparatus thickened. Ministries expanded. Commissariats overlapped. Every economic transaction, no matter how private, eventually found itself shadowed by bureaucracy.

And amongst the many sitting a the engine of that machine sat Stalin — his title still modest, his presence increasingly indispensable. He watched the nation's transformation not as an idealist but as an engineer, measuring reform, efficiency, discipline, and loyalty. Where others saw compromise in the NEP, he saw a system waiting to be re-forged and improved upon doing away with its inefficiencies.

The European View

Foreign correspondents who visited Moscow in these years wrote dispatches filled with paradox. They described markets buzzing under Lenin's new policy, yet still lined by guards with red armbands. Churches reopened for worship, yet sermons were carefully monitored. Newspapers carried accounts of industrial recovery — alongside strict controls on speech and assembly.

It was a country that seemed to exist between two realities: one driven by ideology, the other by necessity.

To the British or the French observer, the Soviet Union was no longer a wild experiment — it was a functioning, if alien, state. A place where the revolution had been domesticated, caged within layers of committees and plans.

To the Americans, it was a cautionary tale of what centralization could achieve — and what it could destroy.

To the Germans, it was a partner in exile.

And to Asia, it was a spark that might yet ignite something far greater.

A New Balance

By the dawn of 1923, the Soviet Union had emerged as a silent force on the world stage.

Its armies had won. Its cities were rebuilding. Its flag, once dismissed as a temporary banner of chaos, now flew over a country that no longer asked for recognition — only respect.

The world did not yet fear Moscow's reach, nor could it imagine what would come next. But it had begun, quietly, to accept a new truth.

The revolution had not died.It had adapted.

And adaptation, as Stalin well understood, was the surest form of survival and dominance.

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