1. Long-Term Memory TypesExplicit (Declarative) MemoryYou can consciously recall it.
Episodic memory
Personal events (birthday, first day of school)
Semantic memory
Facts & knowledge (capital of Spain, vocabulary)
Implicit (Non-declarative) MemoryAutomatic; you don't think about it.
Procedural memory
Skills (riding a bike, tying shoes)
Priming
Earlier exposure influences you without awareness.
Sensory MemoryIconic memory: visual, lasts < 1 second
Echoic memory: auditory, lasts 2–4 seconds
📘 2. Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)Capacity: 5–9 items (about 7)
Duration: 20–30 seconds
Maintenance rehearsal keeps info active
Chunking groups info into meaningful units
📘 3. Interference (VERY IMPORTANT)Proactive InterferenceOld info blocks new info.
(Old learning gets in the way of new learning)
Retroactive InterferenceNew info blocks old info.
(New learning makes you forget the old)
📘 4. HeuristicsAvailability HeuristicJudging likelihood based on how easily something comes to mind
(Vivid memories = feel more common)
Representativeness HeuristicJudging based on stereotypes / prototypes, ignoring real statistics.
Simulation HeuristicImagining how things could have gone differently, which changes emotion.
("If I said ___, I could've won.")
Anchoring & AdjustmentRelying too much on the first number or idea you hear.
Framing EffectHow information is presented changes decisions.
(90% success vs. 10% failure)
📘 5. Thinking & IntelligenceDivergent ThinkingMany creative ideas; lots of possibilities.
Convergent ThinkingFinding one correct answer.
Types of Intelligence (Sternberg)Analytic: school-type problem solving
Creative: new ideas, new solutions
Practical: everyday "street smarts"
Fluid IntelligenceSolving new problems, reasoning quickly.
Crystallized IntelligenceKnowledge from experience (facts, vocabulary).
📘 6. Memory FailuresEncoding FailureYou never stored it in memory in the first place.
Cue-Dependent ForgettingYou need the right cue to retrieve memory.
📘 7. Study Problem-Solving StrategiesAlgorithm: guaranteed answer (step-by-step)
Heuristic: shortcut (fast, but error-prone)
Trial-and-error: try options until one works
Insight: sudden "aha!" solution